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=head1 NAME

POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1

=head1 SYNOPSIS

use POSIX ();
    use POSIX qw(setsid);
    use POSIX qw(:errno_h :fcntl_h);

printf "EINTR is %d\n", EINTR;

$sess_id = POSIX::setsid();

$fd = POSIX::open($path, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY, 0644);
	# note: that's a filedescriptor, *NOT* a filehandle

=head1 DESCRIPTION

The POSIX module permits you to access all (or nearly all) the standard
POSIX 1003.1 identifiers.  Many of these identifiers have been given Perl-ish
interfaces.

This document gives a condensed list of the features available in the POSIX
module.  Consult your operating system's manpages for general information on
most features.  Consult L<perlfunc> for functions which are noted as being
identical to Perl's builtin functions.

The first section describes POSIX functions from the 1003.1 specification.
The second section describes some classes for signal objects, TTY objects,
and other miscellaneous objects.  The remaining sections list various
constants and macros in an organization which roughly follows IEEE Std
1003.1b-1993.

=head1 CAVEATS

I<Everything is exported by default> (with a handful of exceptions).
This is an unfortunate backwards compatibility feature and its use is
B<strongly L<discouraged|perlpolicy/discouraged>>.
You should either prevent the exporting (by saying S<C<use POSIX ();>>,
as usual) and then use fully qualified names (e.g. C<POSIX::SEEK_END>),
or give an explicit import list.
If you do neither and opt for the default (as in S<C<use POSIX;>>), you
will import I<hundreds and hundreds> of symbols into your namespace.

A few functions are not implemented because they are C specific.  If you
attempt to call these, they will print a message telling you that they
aren't implemented, and suggest using the Perl equivalent, should one
exist.  For example, trying to access the C<setjmp()> call will elicit the
message "C<setjmp() is C-specific: use eval {} instead>".

Furthermore, some evil vendors will claim 1003.1 compliance, but in fact
are not so: they will not pass the PCTS (POSIX Compliance Test Suites).
For example, one vendor may not define C<EDEADLK>, or the semantics of the
errno values set by C<open(2)> might not be quite right.  Perl does not
attempt to verify POSIX compliance.  That means you can currently
successfully say "use POSIX",  and then later in your program you find
that your vendor has been lax and there's no usable C<ICANON> macro after
all.  This could be construed to be a bug.

=head1 FUNCTIONS

=over 8

=item C<_exit>

This is identical to the C function C<_exit()>.  It exits the program
immediately which means among other things buffered I/O is B<not> flushed.

Note that when using threads and in Linux this is B<not> a good way to
exit a thread because in Linux processes and threads are kind of the
same thing (Note: while this is the situation in early 2003 there are
projects under way to have threads with more POSIXly semantics in Linux).
If you want not to return from a thread, detach the thread.

=item C<abort>

This is identical to the C function C<abort()>.  It terminates the
process with a C<SIGABRT> signal unless caught by a signal handler or
if the handler does not return normally (it e.g.  does a C<longjmp>).

=item C<abs>

This is identical to Perl's builtin C<abs()> function, returning
the absolute value of its numerical argument.

=item C<access>

Determines the accessibility of a file.

if( POSIX::access( "/", &POSIX::R_OK ) ){
		print "have read permission\n";
	}

Returns C<undef> on failure.  Note: do not use C<access()> for
security purposes.  Between the C<access()> call and the operation
you are preparing for the permissions might change: a classic
I<race condition>.

=item C<acos>

This is identical to the C function C<acos()>, returning
the arcus cosine of its numerical argument.  See also L<Math::Trig>.

=item C<acosh>

This is identical to the C function C<acosh()>, returning the
hyperbolic arcus cosine of its numerical argument [C99].  See also
L<Math::Trig>.

=item C<alarm>

This is identical to Perl's builtin C<alarm()> function,
either for arming or disarming the C<SIGARLM> timer.

=item C<asctime>

This is identical to the C function C<asctime()>.  It returns
a string of the form

"Fri Jun  2 18:22:13 2000\n\0"

and it is called thusly

$asctime = asctime($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon,
			   $year, $wday, $yday, $isdst);

The C<$mon> is zero-based: January equals C<0>.  The C<$year> is
1900-based: 2001 equals C<101>.  C<$wday> and C<$yday> default to zero
(and are usually ignored anyway), and C<$isdst> defaults to -1.

=item C<asin>

This is identical to the C function C<asin()>, returning
the arcus sine of its numerical argument.  See also L<Math::Trig>.

=item C<asinh>

This is identical to the C function C<asinh()>, returning the
hyperbolic arcus sine of its numerical argument [C99].  See also
L<Math::Trig>.

=item C<assert>

Unimplemented, but you can use L<perlfunc/die> and the L<Carp> module
to achieve similar things.

=item C<atan>

This is identical to the C function C<atan()>, returning the
arcus tangent of its numerical argument.  See also L<Math::Trig>.

=item C<atanh>

This is identical to the C function C<atanh()>, returning the
hyperbolic arcus tangent of its numerical argument [C99].  See also
L<Math::Trig>.

=item C<atan2>

This is identical to Perl's builtin C<atan2()> function, returning
the arcus tangent defined by its two numerical arguments, the I<y>
coordinate and the I<x> coordinate.  See also L<Math::Trig>.

=item C<atexit>

Not implemented.  C<atexit()> is C-specific: use C<END {}> instead, see L<perlmod>.

=item C<atof>

Not implemented.  C<atof()> is C-specific.  Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.

=item C<atoi>

Not implemented.  C<atoi()> is C-specific.  Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
If you need to have just the integer part, see L<perlfunc/int>.

=item C<atol>

Not implemented.  C<atol()> is C-specific.  Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
If you need to have just the integer part, see L<perlfunc/int>.

=item C<bsearch>

C<bsearch()> not supplied.  For doing binary search on wordlists,
see L<Search::Dict>.

=item C<calloc>

Not implemented.  C<calloc()> is C-specific.  Perl does memory management transparently.

=item C<cbrt>

The cube root [C99].

=item C<ceil>

This is identical to the C function C<ceil()>, returning the smallest
integer value greater than or equal to the given numerical argument.

=item C<chdir>

This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chdir()> function, allowing
one to change the working (default) directory, see L<perlfunc/chdir>.

=item C<chmod>

This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chmod()> function, allowing
one to change file and directory permissions, see L<perlfunc/chmod>.

=item C<chown>

This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chown()> function, allowing one
to change file and directory owners and groups, see L<perlfunc/chown>.

=item C<clearerr>

Not implemented.  Use the method C<IO::Handle::clearerr()> instead, to reset the error
state (if any) and EOF state (if any) of the given stream.

=item C<clock>

This is identical to the C function C<clock()>, returning the
amount of spent processor time in microseconds.

=item C<close>

Close the file.  This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
C<POSIX::open>.

$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
	POSIX::close( $fd );

Returns C<undef> on failure.

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